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List of Imperial abbeys
An Imperial abbey ((ドイツ語:Reichsabtei), ''Reichskloster'', ''Reichsstift'', ''Reichsgotthaus'') was a religious establishment within the Holy Roman Empire which enjoyed the status of imperial immediacy (''Reichsunmittelbarkeit'') and therefore was answerable directly to the Emperor. The possession of imperial immediacy came with a unique form of territorial authority known as ''Landeshoheit'', which carried with it nearly all the attributes of sovereignty.〔Gagliardo, J. G., ''The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality 1763–1806'', Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 4.〕 Particularly after the Peace of Westphalia (1648), all entities of the Empire possessing immediacy enjoyed and exercised ''de facto'' sovereign power. Any abbot or abbess, no matter how Lilliputian his or her domain, governed with basically the same political powers as those of any secular prince〔Gagliardo, p. 5〕 such as levying taxes, rendering low and high justice, maintaining a standing army, and if they were so inclined, despatching embassies, declaring war, signing treaties, etc. About 45 Imperial abbeys (including priories) survived up to the mass secularisation of 1802–03.
The head of an Imperial abbey was generally an Imperial abbot (''Reichsabt'') or Imperial abbess (''Reichsäbtissin''). (The head of a ''Reichspropstei''—an Imperial provostry or priory—was generally a ''Reichspropst''). Collectively, Imperial abbots, provosts and priors were formally known as ''Reichsprälaten'' (Imperial Prelates). A small number of the larger and most prestigious establishments had the rank of princely abbeys (''Fürstsabtei''), and were headed by a Prince-Abbot or a Prince-Provost (''Fürstabt'', ''Fürstpropst''), with status comparable to that of Prince-Bishops. Most however were Imperial Prelates and as such participated in a single collective vote in the Imperial Diet as members of the Bench of Prelates, later (1575) divided into the Swabian College of Imperial Prelates and the Rhenish College of Imperial Prelates. Despite their difference of status within the Imperial Diet, both the Imperial Prelates and the Prince-Abbots exercised the same degree of authority over their principality.
Some abbeys, particularly in Switzerland, gained the status of princely abbeys (''Fürstsabtei'') during the Middle Ages or later but they either didn't have a territory over which they ruled or they lost that territory after a short while. This was the case with Kreuzlingen, Allerheiligen, Einsiedeln, Muri and Saint-Maurice abbeys.〔French, German and Italian versions: http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F9921.php 〕 One major exception was the large and powerful Abbey of St. Gall which remained independent up to its dissolution during the Napoleonic period, despite the fact that, as a Swiss abbey, it had stopped taking part in the Imperial Diet and other institutions of the Holy Roman Empire once the independence of the Swiss Confederacy was recognized in 1648.〔French, German and Italian versions: http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8394.php〕 Elsewhere, the Prince-Abbot of St. Blaise's Abbey in the Black Forest held that title, not on account of the status of the abbey, which was not immediate, but because it was conferred on him by the abbey's ownership of the immediate County of Bonndorf.
== Lists of Imperial abbeys ==
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